![]() Meiosis and gamete formation therefore occur in separate generations or "phases" of the life cycle, referred to as alternation of generations. These haploid individuals give rise to gametes through mitosis. ![]() These spores grow into multicellular individuals (called gametophytes in the case of plants) without a fertilization event. Plants and many algae on the other hand undergo sporic meiosis where meiosis leads to the formation of haploid spores rather than gametes. Exceptions are animals and some protists, which undergo meiosis immediately followed by fertilization. Many multicellular organisms form spores during their biological life cycle in a process called sporogenesis. While all prokaryotes reproduce without the formation and fusion of gametes, mechanisms for lateral gene transfer such as conjugation, transformation and transduction can be likened to sexual reproduction in the sense of genetic recombination in meiosis. Komodo dragons and some monitor lizards can also reproduce asexually. ![]() In vertebrates, the most common form of asexual reproduction is parthenogenesis, which is typically used as an alternative to sexual reproduction in times when reproductive opportunities are limited. Many eukaryotic organisms including plants, animals, and fungi can also reproduce asexually. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as archaea and bacteria. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the full set of genes of their single parent and thus the newly created individual is genetically and physically similar to the parent or an exact clone of the parent. Asexual reproduction in liverworts: a caducous phylloid germinatingĪsexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. ![]()
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